For vessels making initial contact with "Seaway Newcastle," which VHF-FM channel is used for both upbound and downbound vessels?

The correct answer is based on the functions of VHF-FM channels designated for communication in navigable waters. Channel 16, designated as the international distress and calling frequency, is primarily used for emergency communications. However, it also serves as a general contact channel for vessels to make initial contact with marine authorities and other vessels within the Seaway system, including "Seaway Newcastle."

While it's crucial to have a reliable contact channel, options like Channel 12 and Channel 22 are typically used for other specific purposes in the Seaway; Channel 12 might be designated for ship-to-ship communication, and Channel 22 is often used by the Seaway for specific operational instructions. Channel 20, on the other hand, might not serve the same widespread function for initial contacts as Channel 16 does.

Therefore, Channel 16 stands out as an essential channel for making initial contacts, ensuring clear and effective communication for both upbound and downbound vessels navigating the Seaway.